Some Agronomic Strategies for Organic Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Quinoa is a potential new seed crop for protein feed and human consumption in Europe, with tolerance to a range of abiotic stresses. For this purpose the study was planned to analyse the effect of important agronomic strategies like nitrogen level, N application strategy, row spacing and harvest time on yield and quality of quinoa. The experiments took place in the field of the experimental station of the Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen. Three levels of organic nitrogen from slurry was used (60, 120 and 180 kg N ha^?1), supplied either all at once at sowing, or split between sowing and beginning of the reproductive phase. The effect of row spacing and harvest time was studied by harvesting seeds at seed maturity, which occurred 2–3 weeks prior to the mechanical harvest by threshing, and a couple of months after. Yield increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with an application up to 180 kg N ha^?1, reaching 2200 kg ha^?1. Increasing N also caused a significantly increased seed weight (up to 3.3 mg) and protein content (up to 17 %). N level did not affect number and amount of weeds. Split application with part of the N applied at bud formation did not have a significant effect on yield. Delayed harvest had a negative influence on seed weight, whereas protein content was stable after harvesting even a month after seed maturity. A late harvest significantly reduced seed germination, being reduced by 50 % after a 2‐month delay. A conclusion from this study is that both yield and protein content of seed can be manipulated by N level and application strategy. Harvest time is important for securing a high seed quality measured as seed germination, seed weight and protein content. A fast germination of quinoa is an important characteristic demonstrating that the crop has good possibilities for being well‐established in the field when free from weeds at the time of sowing. The choice of row spacing is important and depends on weed control method. Weed control strategy should be developed based on modern precision tools.     

修剪方式对广玉兰大树移植成活率及生长的影响

为提高大树移植成活率及探索修剪方式与大树移植成活生长的关系,以20a以上生广玉兰为试材,以全冠移植为对照(CK),分别采用剪去1/3枝叶量的轻度修剪(QX)、剪去2/3枝叶量的中度修剪(ZX)和不留枝叶的截干回缩修剪(JX)3种方式修剪后移植,经过3a连续试验观察,研究不同修剪方式对广玉兰大树移植成活率和生长的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,3种修剪方式极显著提高广玉兰移植后的成活率和新生叶片数、第2年(2013年)和第3年(2014年)的侧梢数、侧梢长度和底径以及第1年(2012年)和第3年(2014年)冠幅生长;与其他2种修剪方式相比,JX显著提高广玉兰移植成活率、第2年(2013年)和第3年(2014年)的侧梢数、顶梢长度、侧梢长度及冠幅生长以及第3年(2014年)的新生叶片数;显著提高第2年(2013年)和第3年(2014年)的侧梢底径。表明截干回缩修剪更有利于广玉兰大树移植的成活和复壮生长。     

减少底肥施用量增加叶面施肥次数对玉米产量的影响

该试验目的是研究降低底肥施用量但是增加叶面肥施用次数方面对玉米产量的变化规律，旨在找出最经济的施肥方式以达到在保护环境的基础上提高经济效益的目的。试验表明，玉米产量随着底肥施用量的增加而提高，并且叶面肥喷施次数越多产量越高，每喷一次，可增加产量258~592.5 kg/hm2，增产幅度2.3%~5.6%。     

关税和补贴对国企国有股份最优占比的影响——基于混合寡占理论分析

通过建立理论模型，并用2014年湖南省5县区20个城乡社区的调查数据，从家务劳动时间的视角分析湖南劳动力市场的性别工资差异及其影响因素。结果发现，家务劳动时间是影响湖南劳动力市场性别工资差异的重要因素，同时其他影响因素还有月工资收入、受教育程度、行业等，但职务职称对性别工资差异的影响存在不确定性。因此，政府应大力发展家庭服务业，建立健全覆盖城乡的家庭服务体系，基本满足家庭的服务需求，使女性从家务劳动中解脱出来，同时应通过政策倾斜确保女性培训比例，增强就业竞争实力；规范劳动合同，维护私有及民营企业女性从业者在劳动就业、社会保障等方面的合法权益。     

泥炭覆土搅拌时间对覆土结构及双孢蘑菇产量和质量的影响

为优化双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)覆土技术,以泥炭为覆土材料,研究泥炭覆土搅拌时间对覆土物理结构以及对双孢蘑菇产量和质量的影响。结果证实,随搅拌时间的延长,泥炭覆土充气孔隙度降低,容重增加。充气孔隙度与双孢蘑菇产量高度正相关,但是与双孢蘑菇子实体大小及商品菇率高度负相关;覆土容重与双孢蘑菇产量高度负相关,但是与双孢蘑菇子实体大小及商品菇率高度正相关。搅拌时间较短的覆土(5~20 min),双孢蘑菇总产量较高,且每潮菇产量更均匀,更有利于工厂化生产。搅拌时间较长的覆土(40~120 min),双孢蘑菇子实体较大,但是会降低双孢蘑菇的总产量以及影响每潮菇产量的均匀性。本试验条件下泥炭覆土最适搅拌时间为10 min,双孢蘑菇3潮菇总产量34.5 kg/m~2,商品菇产量27 kg/m~2。研究初步揭示覆土物理结构对双孢蘑菇产量及质量的影响,为优化覆土技术及筛选优质覆土材料提供参考。     

华北驼绒藜雨季移栽成活率研究

本文是不同季节移栽华北驼绒藜(Ceratoides arborescens)系列研究之一。干旱区春季生态建植有补水之苦,雨季移栽表明,不需坐水或补水,成活率可高达60%,浸根可提高成活率至90%;说明雨季移栽是可行的。移栽植株数日内叶片含水量和叶绿素含量急剧下降、脯氨酸含量骤然升高,含量恢复过程则较缓慢,说明移栽使植株突然损伤,但终能恢复至正常生理状态。     

甜菜根产量和含糖率性状的QTL定位

为了进行目的基因克隆等进一步的研究,选育高产、高糖、抗病的新品种,由‘JV34-2’和‘2B023’杂交获得F2代群体200株甜菜为材料,利用123个SRAP标记和18个SSR标记,对甜菜的根产量性状和含糖率性状进行QTL定位分析。利用完备区间作图软件QTL icimapping3.1,共检测出根产量和含糖性状的17个QTLs,定位于已构建的遗传图谱的6个连锁群中。根产量性状定位了7个QTLs,LOD值为2.5322~4.0098,可解释变异为4.5704%~12.3782%。含糖率性状定位了10个QTLs,LOD值为2.5385~10.8314,可解释变异为2.3482%~19.3828%。本试验是国内甜菜重要经济性状定位研究中获得QTL定位位点最多的。     

盐渍化土壤覆土材料理化性状及其对双孢蘑菇生长的影响

研究山西省当地盐渍化土壤添加草炭土、醋糟、谷糠或高粱壳配制的不同覆土材料(Ⅰ:66.7%草炭土,33.3%盐渍化土壤;Ⅱ:50%草炭土,50%盐渍化土壤;Ⅲ~Ⅴ:每立方米盐渍化土壤分别添加45kg醋糟、谷糠或高粱)的理化性状,并比较不同覆土材料对双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)生长的影响,以草炭土为对照。从覆土至第一潮菇采收结束,Ⅰ和Ⅱ覆土电导率呈逐渐上升趋势,而Ⅲ~Ⅴ覆土的电导率则一直保持较高水平,为1427~1980μS/cm,第三潮菇采收时,Ⅰ~Ⅴ覆土电导率均显著下降;覆土第6天开始,Ⅰ~Ⅴ覆土的pH明显高于对照,为7.47~8.47;Ⅰ和Ⅱ覆土处理的发菌天数与对照相同,Ⅲ~Ⅴ覆土处理则比对照延长3d;各处理的第一潮菇和第三潮菇的采收时间均为5d,第二潮菇采收时间各处理间略有差异,但总产量均高于对照,其中以Ⅲ覆土处理产量最高,达21.3kg/m~2。试验结果表明,盐渍化土壤添加草炭土、醋糟、谷糠或高粱壳均可作为生产双孢蘑菇的覆土材料。     

秸秆深还机具特点和作业效率分析

秸秆深埋还田(秸秆深还)作为一种新兴的秸秆还田模式,其机具有别于地表覆盖还田和铧式犁翻压还田。为了科学管理、合理运用秸秆深还机械,提高机组的作业效率,在调查测试秸秆深还作业的基础上,对机具的特点进行了分析,同时对测试机组分别进行了时间利用率和作业效率分析。结果表明:对于各个机具的作业时间利用率和总作业效率影响因素有所不同。作业速度、幅宽、故障维修和地头转向是影响机械作业效率的主要因素。根据调查和分析的结果,针对秸秆深还作业中存在的问题提出了机组的合理运行模式。     

Why viewing nature is more fascinating and restorative than viewing buildings: A closer look at perceived complexity

The present paper addresses the question which visual features trigger people’s often more positive affective responses to natural compared to built scenes. Building on notions about visual complexity and fractal geometry, we propose that perceived complexity of magnified scene parts can predict the greater fascinating and restorative qualities of natural versus built scenes. This prediction was tested in an experiment in which 40 participants viewed and rated 40 images of unspectacular natural and built scenes in their original size, and at 400% and 1600% magnification levels. Results showed that the original, unmagnified natural scenes were viewed longer and rated more restorative than built scenes, and that these differences were statistically mediated by the greater perceived complexity of magnified parts of natural scenes. These findings fit with the idea that fractal-like, recursive complexity is an important visual cue underlying the restorative potential of natural and built environments.